Sensor that Compensates for Deterioration of a Luminescable Medium

ABSTRACT

A sensor that generates an output signal in response to a stimulus, wherein the output signal is generated with a predetermined relationship to one or more properties of the stimulus such that the one or more properties of the stimulus can be determined as a function of the output signal. In one embodiment the sensor comprises a component, a sensor processor, and a transmitter. The component deteriorates, thereby causing predictable fluctuations in the predetermined relationship between the output signal and the one or more properties of the stimulus. The sensor processor provides information related to the deterioration of the component. The transmitter wirelessly transmits the information provided by the processor.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) fromprovisional U.S. patent application No. 60/849,951 filed Oct. 6, 2006the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a system and method of compensating forthe deterioration of a luminescable medium in a sensor that determinesinformation related to one or more analytes in a body of gas.

2. Description of the Related Art

Sensors including a luminescable medium that measure one or more aspectsof the luminescence of the luminescable medium in order to determineinformation related to an analyte in a body of gas in contact with theluminescable medium are known. U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,325,978; 6,632,402;6,616,896 and 6,815,211, the contents of each of which are incorporatedherein by reference, all disclose an example of such a sensor that usesluminescence quenching to determine the concentration of a gas, such asoxygen, in the gas flowing through a sample cell.

Typically, over time, the accuracy of these luminescence based sensorsis degraded by deterioration of the luminescable medium due tophoto-bleaching, radical formation, and/or other phenomena. Withoutrelatively frequent calibration and/or relatively frequent replacementof the luminescable medium, conventional sensors of this type may beunreliable due to this degradation. Other drawbacks associated with thedeterioration of the luminescable medium also exist.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

One aspect of the invention relates to a sensor configured to determineinformation related to one or more gaseous analytes in a body of gas. Inone embodiment, the sensor comprises a first sensor section and a secondsensor section. The first sensor section comprises an emitter, theemitter configured to emit electromagnetic radiation. The second sensorsection is configured to removably couple to the first sensor sectionand comprises a luminescable medium, a storage module, and atransmitter. The luminescable medium is in operative communication withthe body of gas and is arranged to receive electromagnetic radiationfrom the emitter if the second sensor section is removably coupled tothe first sensor section. The luminescable medium emits luminescentradiation in response to the electromagnetic radiation it receives fromthe emitter such that information related to the one or more gaseousanalytes in the body of gas can be determined as a function of one ormore properties of the luminescent radiation. The storage module storesinformation related to a deterioration of the luminescable medium,wherein the deterioration of the luminescable medium impacts theemission of the luminescent radiation by the luminescable medium. Thetransmitter transmits the information related to the deterioration ofthe luminescable medium.

Another aspect of the invention relates to a system configured todetermine information related to one or more gaseous analytes in a bodyof gas. In one embodiment, the system comprises a processor and asensor. The sensor comprises a first sensor section and a second sensorsection. The first sensor section comprises an emitter and aphotosensitive detector. The emitter is configured to emit amplitudemodulated electromagnetic radiation. The photosensitive detector isconfigured to receive electromagnetic radiation and generate one or moreoutput signals in response to the received electromagnetic radiation,the output signals indicating an amplitude of the receivedelectromagnetic radiation. The second sensor section is configured toremovably couple to the first sensor section and comprises aluminescable medium, a storage module, and a transmitter.

The luminescable medium is in operative communication with the body ofgas and arranged to receive the amplitude modulated electromagneticradiation from the emitter if the second sensor section is removablycoupled to the first sensor section. The luminescable medium emitsluminescent radiation in response to the electromagnetic radiation itreceives from the emitter such that information related to the one ormore gaseous analytes in the body of gas can be determined as a functionof one or more properties of the luminescent radiation. The luminescablemedium is further arranged such that a portion of the luminescentradiation is directed to the photosensitive detector if the secondsensor section is removably coupled to the first sensor section. Thestorage module stores information related to a deterioration of theluminescable medium, wherein the deterioration of the luminescablemedium impacts the emission of the luminescent radiation by theluminescable medium.

The transmitter transmits the information related to the deteriorationof the luminescable medium. The processor (i) receives the output signalgenerated by the photosensitive detector, (ii) receives the informationrelated to the deterioration of the luminescable medium that iswirelessly transmitted by the transmitter, and (iii) determines theinformation related to the one or more gaseous analytes based on theoutput signal generated by the photosensitive detector and theinformation received from the transmitter.

Yet another aspect of the invention relates to a sensor that generatesan output signal in response to a stimulus, wherein the output signal isgenerated with a predetermined relationship to one or more properties ofthe stimulus such that the one or more properties of the stimulus can bedetermined as a function of the output signal. In one embodiment thesensor comprises a component, a sensor processor, and a transmitter. Thecomponent deteriorates, thereby causing predictable fluctuations in thepredetermined relationship between the output signal and the one or moreproperties of the stimulus. The sensor processor provides informationrelated to the deterioration of the component. The transmitterwirelessly transmits the information provided by the processor.

These and other objects, features, and characteristics of the presentinvention, as well as the methods of operation and functions of therelated elements of structure and the combination of parts and economiesof manufacture, will become more apparent upon consideration of thefollowing description and the appended claims with reference to theaccompanying drawings, all of which form a part of this specification,wherein like reference numerals designate corresponding parts in thevarious figures. It is to be expressly understood, however, that thedrawings are for the purpose of illustration and description only andare not intended as a definition of the limits of the invention. As usedin the specification and in the claims, the singular form of “a”, “an”,and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictatesotherwise.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A illustrates a system configured to determine information relatedto one or more analytes in a body of gas, according to one embodiment ofthe invention;

FIG. 1B illustrates a system configured to determine information relatedto one or more analytes in a body of gas, according to one embodiment ofthe invention;

FIG. 2 illustrates a configuration of a sensor configured to determineinformation related to one or more analytes in a body of gas, accordingto one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 3 illustrates a configuration of a sensor configured to determineinformation related to one or more analytes in a body of gas, accordingto one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 4 illustrates a processor disposed within a sensor configured todetermine information related to one or more analytes in a body of gas,according to one embodiment of the invention; and

FIG. 5 illustrates a processor that determines information related toone or more analytes in a body of gas, in accordance with one embodimentof the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

Turning to FIG. 1A, a system 10 configured to determine informationrelated to one or more analytes or constituents in a body gas isillustrated. System 10 includes a sensor 12 and a processor 14. Sensor12 includes a first sensor section 16 and a second sensor section 18.First sensor section 16 and second sensor section 18 can, in oneembodiment, be removably coupled to each other. FIG. 1A illustratesfirst sensor section 16 uncoupled from second sensor section 18.

FIG. 1B schematically illustrates system 10 when first sensor section 16and second sensor section 18 are coupled together. Second sensor section18 provides a flow path 20 formed by a conduit 22 through which gas maypass. If first sensor section 16 is coupled to second sensor section 18(e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 1B), first sensor section 16 is operableto generate an output signal that is provided to processor 14 via anoperative communication link (e.g., a wired link, a wireless link, adiscrete link, a link via a network, etc.) therebetween. Based on theoutput signal generated by first sensor section 16, processor 14determines information related to one or more properties of one or moreanalytes or constituents included in the gas disposed within flow path20. An example of an analyte or constituent in a flow of gas that ismonitored via the luminescence-based technique is oxygen.

In one embodiment, conduit 22 is adapted to carry gas to and/or from apatient. Thus, conduit 22 may be coupled with another conduit, circuit,or tubing that delivers gas to conduit 22. In a more particular example,conduit 22 may receive gas from a patient interface appliance configuredto communicate with an airway of the patient. Some examples of thepatient interface appliance may include, for example, an endotrachealtube, a nasal cannula, a tracheotomy tube, a mask, or other patientinterface appliances. The present invention is not limited to theseexamples, and contemplates determination of analytes in any body of gas.

As can be seen in FIGS. 1A and 1B, in one embodiment, second sensorsection 18 includes a luminescable medium 24, a processor 26, and atransmitter/receiver 28. In one embodiment, first sensor section 16includes an emitter 30, a photosensitive detector 32, and a transmitterreceiver 34.

It should be appreciated that a variety of mechanisms may be implementedto removably couple sensor sections 16 and 18. In some embodiments aseating area is provided on an outer surface of conduit 22 that isadapted to securely receive a housing that houses first sensor section16. For example, sensor sections 16 and 18 may be coupled in the mannerdescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,616,896 to Labuda et al., entitled “OXYGENMONITORING APPARATUS,” and issued Sep. 9, 2003(hereafter “the '896patent”), or in the manner described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,632,402 toBlazewicz et al., entitled “OXYGEN MONITORING APPARATUS,” and issuedOct. 14, 2003 (hereafter “the '402 patent”). Further, both of thesereferences describe sensors that (1) include components similar to someor all of emitter 30, photosensitive detector 32, and/or luminescablemedium 24, and (2) determine information related to one or more analytesin a body of gas in a manner similar to sensor 12. Both the '402 patentand the '896 patent are hereby incorporated, in their entireties, intothis disclosure by reference. These examples are not intended to belimiting, and it should be appreciated that any suitable method forcoupling sensor sections 16 and 18 can be used. In addition, in anotherembodiment sensor sections 16 and 18 are permanently connected to oneanother, or at least not readily uncoupled.

When sensor sections 16 and 18 are coupled, emitter 30 emitselectromagnetic radiation that is directed onto luminescable medium 24.As will be discussed further below, the electromagnetic radiationemitted by emitter 30 includes electromagnetic radiation with awavelength that causes luminescable medium 24 to luminensce. Emitter 30may include one or more Organic Light Emitting Diodes (“OLEDs”), lasers(e.g., diode lasers or other laser sources), Light Emitting Diodes(“LEDs”), Hot Cathode Fluorescent Lamps (“HCFLs”), Cold CathodeFluorescent Lamps (“CCFLs”), incandescent lamps, halogen bulbs, receivedambient light, and/or other electromagnetic radiation sources.

In one implementation, emitter 30 includes one or more green and/or blueLEDs. These LEDs typically have high intensity in the luminescablecomposition absorption region of luminescable medium 24 and outputsmaller amounts of radiation at other wavelengths (e.g., red and/orinfrared). This minimizes stray interfering light and photodegradationof sensor 12.

While, the present invention is by no means limited to the use of LEDs,other advantages of implementing LEDs as emitter 30 include their lightweight, compactness, low power consumption, low voltage requirements,low heat production, reliability, ruggedness, relatively low cost, andstability. Also they can be switched on and off very quickly, reliably,and reproducibly.

In some implementations, system 10 may include one or more opticalelements (not shown) disposed within one or both of first sensor section16 and second sensor section 18 to guide, focus, and/or otherwiseprocess radiation emitted by emitter 30. For example, one or more lensesmay collimate the radiation in a selected direction. As more particularexamples, both of the incorporated '896 and '402 patents disclose theuse of optical elements that process radiation emitted by an emittersimilar to emitter 30.

When sensor sections 16 and 18 are coupled, the electromagneticradiation from emitter 30 may arrive at luminescable medium 24 with apredetermined amplitude modulation (e.g., having a predeterminedfrequency, having a predetermined maximum and/or minimum amplitude,etc.). In one embodiment, emitter 30 may be driven to emit theelectromagnetic radiation with the predetermined amplitude modulation.In another embodiment, first sensor section 16 may include one or moreoptical elements (not shown) that modulate the amplitude ofelectromagnetic radiation emitted by emitter 30. The one or more opticalelements may include one or more periodically driven active elements(e.g., a liquid crystal stack, etc.) and/or one or more passive elementsthat are periodically moved into and out of an optical path of theelectromagnetic radiation emitted by emitter 30 (e.g., filters,half-mirrors, etc.).

Second sensor section 18 may include a window 36 formed in a wall ofconduit 22. Window 36 may be substantially transparent to enableelectromagnetic radiation, such as the electromagnetic radiation emittedby emitter 30, to enter and/or exit the interior of conduit 22 whensensor sections 16 and 18 are coupled. For instance, window 36 may beformed of sapphire, one or more polymers (e.g., polyethelyne, etc.), aglass, and/or other substantially transparent materials. In someembodiments (not shown), conduit 22 may include two windows similar towindow 36. As is shown and described in the '402 patent, the two windowsmay be disposed in conduit 22 opposite from each other to enableelectromagnetic radiation to pass through conduit 22. In thisembodiment, photosensitive detector 32 may be positioned on an oppositeside of conduit 22 from emitter 30 when sensor sections 16 and 18 arecoupled.

Luminescable medium 24 is a medium that, in response to radiation fromemitter 30 and/or some other excitation energy, luminescence to emitelectromagnetic radiation, indicated by wavy lines 38, in asubstantially omni-directional manner at a wavelength different fromthat of the electromagnetic radiation provided by emitter 30. Theintensity and/or persistence of this luminesced electromagneticradiation 38 rises and falls according to the relative amounts of one ormore analytes included in the body of gas within conduit 22. In oneembodiment, oxygen causes a modification of the intensity and/orpersistence of luminescent radiation 38 by quenching the luminescencereaction. As the concentration of oxygen increases, the modification ofthe intensity and/or persistence of luminescent radiation 38 willdecrease. In one embodiment, luminescable medium 24 is formed as aluminescent film. For example, both of the incorporated '896 and '402patents disclose films that may be employed as luminescable medium 24.

In the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 1A and 1B, luminescable medium 24is disposed in contact with, in close proximity with, or otherwisethermally coupled to a thermal capacitor 40. Thermal capacitor 40 isemployed to maintain luminescable medium 24 at a substantially constantoperating temperature and thereby reduce or eliminate inaccuracies insystem 10 attributable to variations in the temperature of luminescablemedium 24. Thus, thermal capacitor 40 is any device that accomplishesthis function, such as a heater controlled in a feedback fashion basedon an output of a temperature sensor, a heat sink, or the like.

Photosensitive detector 32 is positioned within first sensor section 16such that if sensor sections 16 and 18 are coupled, photosensitivedetector 32 receives at least a portion of luminesced electromagneticradiation 38 from luminescable medium 24. Based on the receivedradiation, photosensitive detector 32 generates one or more outputsignals related to one or more properties of the received radiation. Forexample, the one or more output signals may be related to an amount ofthe radiation, an intensity of the radiation, a modulation of theradiation, and/or other properties of the radiation. In one embodiment,photosensitive detector 32 includes a PIN diode. In other embodiments,other photosensitive devices are employed as photosensitive detector 32.For instance, photosensitive detector 32 may take the form of a diodearray, a CCD chip, a CMOS chip, a photo-multiplier tube and/or otherphotosensitive devices.

FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment of sensor 12 including photosensitivedetector 32 in which one or more filter elements 42 are positionedwithin first sensor section 16 between luminescable medium 24 andphotosensitive detector 32. As is described in both the incorporated'896 and '402 patents, filter elements 42 are typically designed toprevent electromagnetic radiation that is not emitted by luminescablemedium 24 from becoming incident on photosensitive detector 32. Forinstance, in one embodiment, filter elements 42 are wavelength specificand permit luminescence radiation 38 to pass therethrough to becomeincident on photosensitive detector 32 while substantially blockingradiation with other wavelengths.

In the embodiment of sensor 12 illustrated in FIG. 2, first sensorsection 16 also includes a reference photosensitive detector 44 and abeam splitting element 46. As is described in the incorporated '896patent, beam splitting element 46 may direct a portion of the radiationpropagating toward photosensitive detector 32 onto referencephotosensitive detector 44. One or more output signals generated byreference photosensitive detector 44 may be used as a reference toaccount, and compensate, for system noise (e.g., intensity fluctuationsin emitter 30, etc.) in the one or more output signals generated byphotosensitive detector 32.

It should be appreciated that although filters 42, referencephotosensitive detector 44, and beam splitting element 46 are shown inFIG. 2 as being disposed in first sensor section 16, this is forillustrative purposes. In other embodiments, some or all of beamsplitting element 46, reference photosensitive detector 44, and/or oneor more of filters 42 may be disposed within first sensor section 16.

FIG. 3 illustrates yet another configuration of sensor 12. In theconfiguration illustrated in FIG. 3, thermal capacitor 40 is at leastpartially transparent, and is located adjacent to window 36. In thisconfiguration luminescable medium 24 is positioned in thermalcommunication with thermal capacitor 40 on an opposite side of capacitor40 from window 36. Luminescable medium 24 is exposed to flow path 20 ona side of luminescable medium 24 that is opposite the boundary betweencapacitor 40 and luminescable medium 24. As can be seen, electromagneticradiation 47 emitted by emitter 30 passes through both window 36 andthermal capacitor 40 to become incident luminescable medium 24.Luminescent radiation 38 emitted from luminescable medium 24 proceedsback through thermal capacitor 40 and window 36 to become incident onone or both of photosensitive detectors 32 and/or 44, in substantiallythe same manner as is described above.

Returning to FIGS. 1A and 1B, transmitter/receivers 28 and 34 transmitsignals from and/or receive signals to each other. More particularly, inone embodiment, transmitter/receivers 28 and 34 transmit and/or receivesignals wirelessly. This may be beneficial in instances in which system10 is deployed in a medical setting, as exposed communications linesand/or leads may be discouraged or prohibited. However, in otherembodiments, transmitter/receivers 38 and 34 may transmit and/or receivesignals via a wired connection. These embodiments may include instancesin which system 10 is deployed in a medical setting. As can be see inFIGS. 1A and 1B, transmitter/receiver 28 interfaces with processor 26 totransmit signals from processor 26 and/or receive signals for processor26. Transmitter/receiver 34 interfaces with processor 14 to transmitsignals from processor 14 and/or receive signals for processor 14.

In some embodiments, luminescable medium 24 may deteriorate over time,causing fluctuations in the response (e.g., the intensity and/or thepersistence of luminescent radiation 38) of luminescable medium 24 to anexcitement energy (e.g., electromagnetic radiation from emitter 30). Inother words, chemical and/or physical changes that occur withinluminescable medium 24 due to one or both of use and age may causeluminescable medium 24 to react differently to the same excitementenergy applied thereto at two non-adjacent points in time. As thedeterioration of luminescable medium 24 continues, it may impact theaccuracy of sensor 10 in monitoring its intended stimulus (the one ormore analytes or constituents in the body of gas) by changing thecorrelation between the output signal representative of one or moreproperties of luminescence radiation 38 luminesced by luminescablemedium 24 and the stimulus. Some examples of phenomena that may causethe deterioration of luminescable medium 24 include photo-bleaching, theformation of oxygen radicals, and/or other phenomena.

Processor 26 determines information related to the deterioration ofluminescable medium 24 that increases with age and/or use ofluminescable medium 24. This information is then transmitted fromprocessor 26 by transmitter/receiver 28, and is received by processor 14via transmitter/receiver 34. As is discussed further below, processor 14also receives the output signals of photosensitive detector 32.Processor 14 then determines information related to one or more analytesin the body of gas present in flow path 22 based on the output signalsand the information received from processor 26.

FIG. 4 illustrates processor 26, according to one or more embodiments ofthe invention. As is shown, in one embodiment, processor 26 includes acompensation module 48 and a storage module 50. Modules 48 and 50 may beimplemented in software, hardware, firmware, some combination ofsoftware, hardware, and/or firmware; and/or otherwise implemented. Itshould be appreciated that although modules 48 and 50 are illustrated inFIG. 4 as being co-located within a single processing unit, processor 26may include multiple processing units, and that some of these processingunits may be located remotely from each other within second sensorsection 18. In such embodiments, modules 48 and 50 may be locatedremotely from the other modules and operative communication between themodules may be achieved via one or more communication links. Suchcommunication links may be wireless or hard wired.

Compensation module 48 determines the information related to thedeterioration of luminescable medium 24. As was mentioned previously,the deterioration of luminescable medium 24 tends to progress with ageand/or use. Therefore, in one embodiment, compensation module 48monitors the amount of time (1) that luminescable medium 24 has beeninstalled sensor 12 (“t_(age)”), and/or (2) that luminescable medium 24has been receiving electromagnetic radiation from emitter 30 in sensor12 (“t_(use)”). It should be apparent that in some embodiments one orboth of t_(age) and t_(use) may or may not be reset when sensor 10 iscalibrated in a manner that accounts for the deterioration ofluminescable medium 24.

To monitor t_(age) and t_(use), compensation module 48 may include aclock, a timer, and/or some other timekeeping component. Thedetermination of t_(age) is fairly straight forward, as it simplyrequires a continuously running time period. Determining t_(use)requires that compensation module 48 be informed of when luminescablemedium 24 is receiving electromagnetic radiation from emitter 30 (orsome approximation of this time period).

For example, in one embodiment, compensation module 48 is incommunication with a photosensitive detector, illustrated in FIG. 2 asphotosensitive detector 32, disposed in second sensor section 18 at ornear luminescable medium 24. Photosensitive detector 32 is adapted todetect radiation emitted by emitter 30, and compensation module 48counts the time during which photosensitive detector 32 detectsradiation emitted by emitter 30 toward t_(use).

Returning to FIG. 4, in another embodiment, processor 26 receivessignals via transmitter/receiver 28 indicating commencement/abatement ofelectromagnetic radiation being directed from emitter 30 to luminescablemedium 24. In some embodiments, t_(use) may be merely an approximationof the time that luminescable medium 24 is in use. For example, secondsensor section 18 (and/or first sensor section 16) may include adetector (not shown) that detects when sensor sections 16 and 18 arecoupled, and compensation module 48 may measure the time that sensorsections 16 and 18 are coupled as t_(use).

In one embodiment, compensation module 48 executes an algorithm thatdetermines a compensation factor as a function of one or both of t_(age)and t_(use). The compensation factor is then transmitted to processor 14via transmitter/receivers 28 and 34 to be implemented by processor 14 inthe determination of information related to the one or more analytespresent in the body of gas. The algorithm may include a mathematicalfunction, a look-up table, and/or other forms of algorithms. In anotherembodiment, compensation module 48 causes t_(age) and/or t_(use) to betransmitted to processor 14 via transmitter/receivers 28 and 34, andprocessor 14 implements t_(age) and/or t_(use) to determine thecompensation factor.

Storage module 50 can be used to store information that is used by othercomponents of processor 26 and/or processor 14 to determine thecompensation factor. For example, storage module 50 may store starttimes and/or end times used to determine t_(age) and/or t_(use), t_(age)and/or t_(use) themselves, a look-up table used by compensation module48 to determine the compensation factor, a mathematical function used bycompensation module 48 to determine the compensation factor, and/orother information.

In one embodiment, processor 26 enables t_(age) to be determined withoutinvolving compensation module 48. In this embodiment, storage module 50stores a time stamp of the time that luminescable medium 24 was disposedin second sensor section 18 and/or the last time that sensor 10 wascalibrated. The time stamp is transmitted to processor 14, whichimplements the time stamp in determining t_(age) and/or the compensationfactor. In a similar embodiment, processor 26 stores a time stamp instorage module 50 at the start and/or end of use each time luminescablemedium 24 receives electromagnetic radiation from emitter 30. These timestamps may indicate the actual times that electromagnetic radiation wasreceived, or some approximation thereof (e.g., when the sensor sections16 and 18 are coupled and/or uncoupled). These time stamps are thentransmitted to processor 14, which uses the time stamps to determinet_(use).

In one embodiment, processor 26 and transmitter/receiver 28 include anRFID transponder with associated non-volatile memory (e.g. EEPROM,etc.). For instance, the memory associated with the RFID transponder maybe used to store information related to t_(age) and/or t_(use) in themanner discussed above with respect to storage module 50. Thisinformation may include times, time stamps, a compensation factor and/orother information related to t_(age) and/or t_(use). Thetransmitter/receiver of the RFID transponder may operate astransmitter/receiver 28 to transmit information from processor 26 andreceive information for processor 26. For example, thetransmitter/receiver may transmit information from and receiveinformation to the memory associated with the RFID transponder.

In another embodiment, transmitter/receiver 28 includes an opticaltransmitter (e.g., via barcodes, etc.). In this embodiment, the opticaltransmitter may include a visible label that provides optically encodedinformation. The display of the visible label may be static (e.g.,printed) and/or dynamic (e.g., an LCD display, a plasma display, an OLEDdisplay, etc.). The optically encoded information may includeinformation related to t_(age) and/or t_(use), such as times, timestamps, a compensation factor and/or other information related tot_(age) and/or t_(use). In this embodiment, portions of the visiblelabel that are static may act as storage module 50 (e.g., by storing theinformation) and transmitter/receiver 28 (by optically transmitting theinformation). In this embodiment, portions of the visible label that aredynamic may act as transmitter-receiver 28, while a processorcommunicatively linked to drive the dynamic display may provide some orall of the functionality of processor 26 discussed above. In thisembodiment, transmitter/receiver 34 would include an optical code readerto receive information from the optical display.

FIG. 5 illustrates an embodiment of processor 14 including a phasedifference module 52, a compensation module 54, and an analyteinformation module 56. Modules 52, 54, and 56 may be implemented insoftware; hardware; firmware; some combination of software, hardware,and/or firmware; and/or otherwise implemented. It should be appreciatedthat although modules 52, 54, and 56 are illustrated in FIG. 1 as beingco-located within a single processing unit, processor 14 may includemultiple processing units, and that some of these processing units maybe located remotely from each other. In such embodiments, one or more ofmodules 52, 54, and 56 may be located remotely from the other modulesand operative communication between the modules may be achieved via oneor more communication links. Such communication links may be wireless orhard wired.

Phase difference module 52 determines a phase difference between (1) theamplitude modulation of the electromagnetic radiation from emitter 30that becomes incident on luminescable medium 24 and (2) a modulation ofelectromagnetic radiation 38 luminesced by luminescable medium 24 inresponse to the electromagnetic radiation emitted by emitter 30.

In order to determine this phase difference, phase difference module 52obtains the amplitude modulation of the electromagnetic radiation fromemitter 30. In one embodiment, the amplitude modulation of theelectromagnetic radiation from emitter 30 is obtained in the form of aperiodic signal (e.g., a sinusoidal signal, a square signal, etc.) thatvaries in proportion to, and/or with the frequency of, the amplitudemodulation of the electromagnetic radiation. This signal may be obtainedfrom a modulated power signal that is provided to emitter 30, from amodulated power signal used to drive an active optical element thatamplitude modulates the electromagnetic radiation emitted by emitter 30,or from a signal related to the positioning of passive optical elementsbetween emitter 30 and luminescable medium 24 to amplitude modulate theelectromagnetic radiation provided to luminescable medium 24.

Phase difference module 52 also obtains an amplitude modulation ofelectromagnetic radiation 38 that is luminesced by luminescable medium24. In some embodiments, the amplitude modulation of electromagneticradiation 38 that is luminesced by luminescable medium 24 is obtained inthe form of a signal that varies in proportion to, and/or with thefrequency of, the amplitude modulation of luminesced electromagneticradiation 38. For example, this signal may be obtained from the one ormore output signals generated by photosensitive detector 32.

Phase difference module 52 determines a phase difference between theobtained amplitude modulation of the electromagnetic radiation emittedby emitter 30 and the obtained amplitude modulation of luminescedelectromagnetic radiation 38. In some instances, phase difference module52 includes a lock-in amplifier that generates a DC signal proportionalto the phase difference between these two amplitude modulations. Inother instances, phase difference module 52 may be embodied in softwarethat calculates the phase difference between the obtained amplitudemodulations of the radiation emitted by emitter 30 and luminesced byluminescable medium 24.

Compensation module 54 compensates for one or more systems delays. Forexample, compensation module 54 compensates for the fluctuations in theresponse of sensor 10 caused by the deterioration of luminescable medium24 discussed above. Compensation module 54 uses information about thedeterioration of luminescable medium 24 received from processor 26(e.g., from compensation module 48 and/or storage module 50) tocompensate for these fluctuations. As was discussed above, theinformation about the deterioration of luminescable medium 24 receivedfrom processor 26 may include a compensation factor. The compensationfactor may include a compensation to be applied to (1) the amplitudemodulation of the electromagnetic radiation emitted by emitter 30, (2)the amplitude modulation of luminescent radiation 38 (as indicated bythe output signals of photosensitive detector 32), and/or (3) the phasedifference determined by phase difference module 52.

In some embodiments, processor 26 may provide compensation module 54with information that is more “raw” than a determined compensationfactor. For example, processor 26 may provide compensation module 54with values for t_(age) and/or t_(use), or information (e.g., timestamps) from which t_(age) and/or t_(use) can be determined. In theseinstances, compensation module 54 processes the information in themanner discussed above to determine the compensation factor beforemaking the compensation for the deterioration of luminescable medium 24.

Analyte information module 56 determines information related to one ormore analytes in the body of gas within conduit 22 based on the phasedifference between the amplitude modulation of the electromagneticradiation emitted by emitter 30 that is incident on luminescable medium24 and the modulation of electromagnetic radiation 38 that is emitted byluminescable medium 24, as determined by phase difference module 52. Forexample, the phase difference determined by phase difference module 52(with compensation by compensation module 54) is related to the decaytime of the luminescence of luminescable material 24.

As was mentioned above, the decay time of luminescable material 24varies as a function of an amount of one or more gases present atluminescable medium 24. Therefore, analyte information module 56 is ableto determine information related to these one or more gases (e.g., anamount present at luminescable material 24) based on the phasedifference determined by phase difference module 52. For example,analyte information module 56 may determine a concentration, a partialpressure, and/or other information related to the one or more gases. Insome embodiments, the one or more gases may include oxygen.

Although in the description above, compensation for the deterioration ofluminescable medium 24 is described as being made by compensation module54 prior to the determination of analyte information by analyteinformation module 56, alternatives to this arrangement exist. Forinstance, in one embodiment a compensation factor is determined (byprocessor 26 or compensation module 54) that adjusts the analyteinformation determined by analyte information module 56. In thisembodiment, the compensation factor is not applied by compensationmodule 54 until after analyte information module 56 has determinedanalyte information based on uncompensated information.

The information related to t_(age) and/or t_(use) can also be used forother purposes within system 10. For example, information related tot_(age) and/or t_(use) can be used to determine when luminescable medium24 has exceeded its useful lifetime (e.g., accurate determinations ofinformation may no longer be made based on its luminescent properties).In this embodiment, a signal may be given to the user (e.g., a visiblesignal, an audible signal, etc.) that luminescable medium 24 should bereplaced. Replacement of luminescable medium 24 may include replacingluminescable medium 24 within second sensor section 18 or replacingsecond sensor section 18 with another sensor section that includes a“younger” luminescable medium.

It should be appreciated that although the system and methods describedabove have been set forth in the context of analyzing gaseous analytes,the general principles of the invention are more far reaching. Forinstance, the principles of adjustment for system inaccuracies insensors caused by deterioration of one or more sensor components overtime may be extended to other types of detectors and/or analyzerswithout departing from the scope of the present invention.

Although the invention has been described in detail for the purpose ofillustration based on what is currently considered to be the mostpractical and preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that suchdetail is solely for that purpose and that the invention is not limitedto the disclosed embodiments, but, on the contrary, is intended to covermodifications and equivalent arrangements that are within the spirit andscope of the appended claims. For example, it is to be understood thatthe present invention contemplates that, to the extent possible, one ormore features of any embodiment can be combined with one or morefeatures of any other embodiment.

1. A sensor configured to determine information related to one or moregaseous analytes in a body of gas, the sensor comprising: (a) a firstsensor section that comprises an emitter, the emitter configured to emitelectromagnetic radiation; and (b) a second sensor section configured toremovably couple to the first sensor section, the second sensor sectioncomprising: (1) a luminescable medium in operative communication withthe body of gas and arranged to receive electromagnetic radiation fromthe emitter if the second sensor section is removably coupled to thefirst sensor section, wherein the luminescable medium emits luminescentradiation in response to the electromagnetic radiation it receives fromthe emitter, wherein information related to the one or more gaseousanalytes in the body of gas can be determined as a function of one ormore properties of the luminescent radiation, (2) a storage module thatstores information related to a deterioration of the luminescablemedium, wherein the deterioration of the luminescable medium impacts theemission of the luminescent radiation by the luminescable medium, and(3) a transmitter that transmits the information related to thedeterioration of the luminescable medium.
 2. The sensor of claim 1,wherein the second sensor section further comprises a compensationmodule that determines the information related to deterioration of theluminescable medium.
 3. The sensor of claim 2, wherein the compensationmodule determines information related to the deterioration of theluminescable medium caused by the presence of radicals in theluminescable medium.
 4. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the informationrelated to the deterioration of the luminescable medium includes a totalamount of time that the luminescable medium has received electromagneticradiation from the emitter.
 5. The sensor of claim 2, wherein theinformation related to the deterioration of the luminescable mediumincludes a compensation factor that is determined by the compensationmodule as a function of a total amount of time that the luminescablemedium has received electromagnetic radiation from the emitter.
 6. Thesensor of claim 1, wherein the first sensor section further comprises areceiver, and wherein the transmitter wirelessly transmits theinformation related to the deterioration of the luminescable medium tothe receiver.
 7. The sensor of claim 6, wherein the receiver providesthe information related to the deterioration of the luminescable mediumto a processor that implements the information to adjust a determinationof information related to one or more gaseous analytes in a body of gas.8. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the second sensor section furthercomprises an RFID transponder that provides the storage module and thetransmitter.
 9. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the information relatedto the deterioration of the luminescable medium is stored to the storagemodule when the luminescable medium is disposed within the second sensorsection, and wherein the information related to the deterioration of theluminescable medium is stored statically by the storage module.
 10. Thesensor of claim 1, wherein the transmitter wirelessly transmits theinformation related to the deterioration of the luminescable medium. 11.The sensor of claim 1, wherein the one or more gaseous analytescomprises oxygen.
 12. A system configured to determine informationrelated to one or more gaseous analytes in a body of gas, the systemcomprising: (a) a processor; and (b) a sensor, the sensor comprising:(1) a first sensor section that comprises: (i) an emitter configured toemit amplitude modulated electromagnetic radiation, and (ii) aphotosensitive detector configured to receive electromagnetic radiationand generate one or more output signals in response to the receivedelectromagnetic radiation, the output signals indicating an amplitude ofthe received electromagnetic radiation; and (2) a second sensor sectionconfigured to removably couple to the first sensor section, the secondsensor section comprising: (i) a luminescable medium in operativecommunication with the body of gas and arranged to receive the amplitudemodulated electromagnetic radiation from the emitter if the secondsensor section is removably coupled to the first sensor section, whereinthe luminescable medium emits luminescent radiation in response to theelectromagnetic radiation it receives from the emitter, whereininformation related to the one or more gaseous analytes in the body ofgas can be determined as a function of one or more properties of theluminescent radiation, the luminescable medium further being arrangedsuch that a portion of the luminescent radiation is directed to thephotosensitive detector if the second sensor section is removablycoupled to the first sensor section, (ii) a storage module that storesinformation related to a deterioration of the luminescable medium,wherein the deterioration of the luminescable medium impacts theemission of the luminescent radiation by the luminescable medium, and(iii) a transmitter that transmits the information related to thedeterioration of the luminescable medium, wherein the processor (a)receives the output signal generated by the photosensitive detector, (b)receives the information related to the deterioration of theluminescable medium that is transmitted by the transmitter, and (c)determines the information related to the one or more gaseous analytesbased on the output signal generated by the photosensitive detector andthe information received from the transmitter.
 13. The system of claim12, wherein the second sensor section further comprises a compensationmodule that determines the information related to deterioration of theluminescable medium.
 14. The system of claim 12, wherein the secondsensor section further comprises an RFID transponder that provides thestorage module and the transmitter.
 15. The system of claim 12, whereinthe information related to the one or more gaseous analytes determinedby the processor comprises information related to one or both of aconcentration and partial pressure of oxygen.
 16. The system of claim12, wherein the first sensor section further comprises a receiver incommunication with the processor, and wherein the transmitter wirelesslytransmits the information related to the deterioration of theluminescable medium to the receiver and the processor receives theinformation related to the deterioration of the luminescable medium fromthe receiver.
 17. The system of claim 12, wherein the informationrelated to the deterioration of the luminescable medium is stored to thestorage module when the luminescable medium is disposed within thesecond sensor section, and wherein the information related to thedeterioration of the luminescable medium is stored statically by thestorage module.
 18. The system of claim 12, wherein the transmitterwirelessly transmits the information related to the deterioration of theluminescable medium.
 19. A sensor that generates an output signal inresponse to a stimulus, wherein the output signal is generated with apredetermined relationship to one or more properties of the stimulussuch that the one or more properties of the stimulus can be determinedas a function of the output signal, the sensor comprising: a componentthat deteriorates, wherein the deterioration of the component causespredictable fluctuations in the predetermined relationship between theoutput signal and the one or more properties of the stimulus; a sensorprocessor that provides information related to the deterioration of thecomponent; and a transmitter that wirelessly transmits the informationprovided by the processor.
 20. The sensor of claim 19, wherein thecomponent deteriorates at a rate that is substantially proportional toan amount of time, and wherein the sensor processor provides informationrelated to the amount of time.
 21. The sensor of claim 20, wherein theamount of time is a total amount of time that has elapsed since thesensor was last calibrated, and wherein calibrating the sensor includesdetermining the predetermined relationship between the output signal andthe one or more properties of the stimulus that enables the one or moreproperties of the stimulus to be determined as a function of the outputsignal.
 22. The sensor of claim 21, wherein the information related tothe amount of time that is provided by the sensor processor includes thetotal amount of time that has elapsed since the sensor was lastcalibrated.
 23. The sensor of claim 21, wherein the information relatedto the amount of time that is provided by the sensor processor includesa compensation factor that is determined by the sensor processor as afunction of the total amount of time that has elapsed since the sensorwas last calibrated.
 24. The sensor of claim 20, wherein the amount oftime is an amount of time the sensor has been in use since sensor waslast calibrated, and wherein calibrating the sensor includes determiningthe predetermined relationship between the output signal and the one ormore properties of the stimulus that enables the one or more propertiesof the stimulus to be determined as a function of the output signal 25.The sensor of claim 24, wherein the information related to the amount oftime that is provided by the sensor processor includes the amount oftime the sensor has been in use since the sensor was last calibrated.26. The sensor of claim 24, wherein the information related to therelated to the amount of time that is provided by the sensor processorincludes a compensation factor that is determined by the sensorprocessor as a function of the time the sensor has been in use since thesensor was last calibrated.
 27. The sensor of claim 19, furthercomprising an RFID transponder that provides the storage module and thetransmitter.
 28. The sensor of claim 19, further comprising: a receiverthat receives the information transmitted by the transmitter; a firstsensor section that carries the receiver, the first sensor section beingin operative communication with a system processor such that theinformation received by the receiver is transferred to the systemprocessor; and a second sensor section that carries the component, thesensor processor, and the transmitter, wherein the second sensor sectionis configured to removably couple to the first sensor section, andwherein the system processor implements the information that istransferred from the receiver to adjust a determination of informationrelated to one or more analytes being monitored by the sensor.